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[205.201.135.142]) + by mx.google.com with ESMTPS id e2si999520ywc.571.2017.08.24.04.46.56 + for + (version=TLS1_2 cipher=ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256 bits=128/128); + Thu, 24 Aug 2017 04:46:56 -0700 (PDT) +Received-SPF: pass (google.com: domain of bounce-mc.us1_1820657.2563001-cmollekopf=gmail.com@mail142.atl61.mcsv.net designates 205.201.135.142 as permitted sender) client-ip=205.201.135.142; +Authentication-Results: mx.google.com; + dkim=pass header.i=@nowiknow.com header.s=k1 header.b=PhDhbCtl; + dkim=pass header.i=@gmail.mcsv.net header.s=k1 header.b=RCXi0ciN; + spf=pass (google.com: domain of bounce-mc.us1_1820657.2563001-cmollekopf=gmail.com@mail142.atl61.mcsv.net designates 205.201.135.142 as permitted sender) smtp.mailfrom=bounce-mc.us1_1820657.2563001-cmollekopf=gmail.com@mail142.atl61.mcsv.net +DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; s=k1; d=nowiknow.com; + h=Subject:From:Reply-To:To:Date:Message-ID:List-ID:List-Unsubscribe: + Content-Type:MIME-Version; i=dan@nowiknow.com; + bh=0j/vBe5PYyLtNIrTeg7ECKupBfn4J4reSBQ13Fmj1Ww=; + b=PhDhbCtlZ0sTf/uiePM3Y3Zile2xSiBfMLEpBeRI037MIT0Wd+3EjXb6mWocbkZTj8uXslIHeTFb + S6+VtwbwnCZfLXnB43tDWpWhTVYK5EQpgwfE/3LbSm7hc7SgG5gGw8j6ybkh6RluUXox+uwFQ4P1 + USYaWqIo5H3ZH12dJ+M= +DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha1; c=relaxed/relaxed; s=k1; d=gmail.mcsv.net; + h=Subject:From:Reply-To:To:Date:Message-ID:Feedback-ID:List-ID: + List-Unsubscribe:Content-Type:MIME-Version; + bh=VvDgaXeZiQZDe15cLybJQr285RQ=; + b=RCXi0ciNwW82Ta0gJ6lw549iAT4DjwqJRZ2TZqWtIymAkhBGiSW7LikSHPofApky3mq1F3wGVOJp + VVJoZQQhEfaMhPMOMEibhnsdIwP5LYwUx4r5SoWd3xIP/2dZIlwngOEeW23oAAVx+T9iKkuZLCnQ + s81PkHcv0+Gm6H6H80A= +Subject: =?utf-8?Q?Now=20I=20Know=3A=C2=A0Why=20Pisa=E2=80=99s=20Tower=20Leans?= +From: =?utf-8?Q?Dan=20Lewis?= +Reply-To: =?utf-8?Q?Dan=20Lewis?= +To: +Date: Thu, 24 Aug 2017 11:36:21 +0000 +Message-ID: <2889002ad89d45ca21f50ba46.cd30a9a755.20170824113521.1b9800e15a.bf27651e@mail142.atl61.mcsv.net> +X-Mailer: MailChimp Mailer - **CID1b9800e15acd30a9a755** +X-Campaign: mailchimp2889002ad89d45ca21f50ba46.1b9800e15a +X-campaignid: mailchimp2889002ad89d45ca21f50ba46.1b9800e15a +X-Report-Abuse: Please report abuse for this campaign here: http://www.mailchimp.com/abuse/abuse.phtml?u=2889002ad89d45ca21f50ba46&id=1b9800e15a&e=cd30a9a755 +X-MC-User: 2889002ad89d45ca21f50ba46 +Feedback-ID: 1820657:1820657.2563001:us1:mc +List-ID: 2889002ad89d45ca21f50ba46mc list <2889002ad89d45ca21f50ba46.580325.list-id.mcsv.net> +X-Accounttype: pd +List-Unsubscribe: , +List-Unsubscribe-Post: List-Unsubscribe=One-Click +x-mcda: FALSE +Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="_----------=_MCPart_2013239186" +MIME-Version: 1.0 + +This is a multi-part message in MIME format + +--_----------=_MCPart_2013239186 +Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"; format="fixed" +Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable + +And: is it just part of an old European dance craze? (Well=2C no.) + +View this email in your browser (http://nowiknow.com/why-pisas-tower-leans= +/) =C2=B7 Missed one? Visit the Archives (http://nowiknow.com/archives/) +http://MIR.INSIRE.COM/click?s=3D188055&layout=3Dmarquee&li=3D689d00e31c&e= +=3Dcmollekopf@gmail.com&p=3D1b9800e15a +http://MIR.INSIRE.COM/click?s=3D188058&sz=3D116x15&li=3D689d00e31c&e=3D= +cmollekopf@gmail.com&p=3D1b9800e15a http://MIR.INSIRE.COM/click?s=3D188059&sz=3D6= +9x15&li=3D689d00e31c&e=3Dcmollekopf@gmail.com&p=3D1b9800e15a +http://nowiknow.com/ +Just likes yesterday: I'm on vacation this week=2C so today's Now I Know i= +s a re-run=2C originally from 2010. (The Weekender is still TBD.) -- Dan (= +http://s.nowiknow.com/DLewisNet) + + +** Why Pisa=E2=80=99s Tower Leans +------------------------------------------------------------ + +The Leaning Tower of Pisa is over 800 years old. Construction started on= + it in 1173 and=2C almost two centuries later (and after two work stoppage= +s)=2C completed in the 1370s. For history=E2=80=99s sake=2C it is a good= + thing that there were two work stoppages =E2=80=94 otherwise=2C the struc= +ture probably would have collapsed long ago. The Tower is built on=2C bas= +ically=2C a marsh =E2=80=94 a thin layer of alluvial silt (http://s.nowikn= +ow.com/2voNXQl) atop soft marine clay. The work stoppages gave time for= + the existing incomplete infrastructure to settle in the soft soil=2C comp= +acting the ground beneath it and=2C effectively=2C letting Mother Earth ad= +apt before construction resumed. A minor miracle=2C in and of itself. + +It therefore makes sense that the Tower is unstable=2C likely to shift its= + position any which way as time passes. But the mystery runs deeper. The= + Leaning Tower of Pisa only leans to the south. Assuming the unstable gro= +und beneath is uniformly so=2C that did not make a lot of sense. + +In 1989=2C the Tower was leaning roughly 15 feet off its center=2C when di= +saster struck =E2=80=94 in Milan. Another tower=2C the Civic Tower of Pav= +ia (http://s.nowiknow.com/2vo26xt) =2C crumbled=2C killing four passersby.= + Fearing a similar fate for Pisa=2C the Italian government closed the tow= +er and made a $40 million grant to researchers=2C hoping to stave off the= + Tower=E2=80=99s tilt into destruction. The task was daunting=2C as rese= +archers were split =E2=80=94 some believed the problem was with the underl= +ying land; others believed the problem was with the structure itself. Red= +oubling these problems were the art historians=2C who insisted on preservi= +ng the artistic value of the Tower; in short=2C propping the Tower up was= + a non-starter. + +Finding a solution took four different tries and almost a decade. In the= + end=2C the team used something called =E2=80=9Csoil extraction=E2=80=9D= + =E2=80=94 as described (http://s.nowiknow.com/2vorzXl) by the Telegraph= + (UK)=2C this meant =E2=80=9Cdrilling out slivers of soil from beneath the= + northern side of the tower =E2=80=93 away from the lean =E2=80=93 and all= +owing gravity to coax the structure back upright.=E2=80=9D It was a nuanc= +ed task in and of itself. Professor John Burland=2C a soil engineer at t= +he Imperial College London=2C lead the efforts with the help of 120 sensor= +s placed in=2C around=2C and outside the Tower=2C and an army of fax machi= +nes. For two years=2C twice a day=2C the sensor readings were faxed to hi= +s attention; he=E2=80=99d run some calculations and inform the drillers ho= +w to continue. The Tower re-opened in late 2001. + +In capturing all these data points =E2=80=94 two a day for two years =E2= +=80=94 Burland had in front of him the answer to the previously unanswerab= +le question of the Tower=E2=80=99s southward tilt. In 2003=2C he figured= + it out. The water table (http://s.nowiknow.com/2vovXWF) on the north si= +de of the Tower rose up to a foot higher at times during Pisa=E2=80=99s ra= +iny season. In effect=2C the water tower slowly=2C slightly=2C and tempor= +arily boosted the land on the north side=2C pushing the Tower to lean sout= +h. Using a custom drainage system to normalize the water table=2C Burlan= +d has stemmed the Tower=E2=80=99s further tilt entirely =E2=80=94 since th= +e solution was put in place seven [now 14!] years ago=2C the Tower=E2=80= +=99s tilt has remained the same. +http://s.nowiknow.com/NIKPatreon +Now I Know is supported by readers like you. Please consider becoming a pa= +tron by supporting the project on Patreon. Click here to pledge your suppo= +rt (http://s.nowiknow.com/NIKPatreon) . +Bonus fact: Groundwater flows can prevent problems=2C too. In 1958=2C the= + town of Concord=2C Massachusetts opened a landfill adjacent to Walden Pon= +d=2C the eponymous site of Henry David Thoreau=E2=80=99s On Walden Pond. = + Because the groundwater table ran from the pond to the landfill (and not= + vice versa)=2C the pond remained relatively unpolluted by the nearby refu= +se.=E2=80=8B + +From the Archives: Patent Leather Shoes (http://dlewis.net/nik-archives/pa= +tent-leather-shoes/) : How Michael Jackson managed to pull off an incredib= +le=2C gravity-defying lean of his own. + +Related: A 3-d=2C Leaning Tower of Pisa puzzle (http://s.nowiknow.com/2v5D= +xKs) . + +http://MIR.INSIRE.COM/click?s=3D97521&sz=3D300x250&li=3D689d00e31c&e=3D= +cmollekopf@gmail.com&p=3D1b9800e15a +http://MIR.INSIRE.COM/click?s=3D2054&sz=3D116x15&li=3D689d00e31c&e=3D= +cmollekopf@gmail.com&p=3D1b9800e15a http://MIR.INSIRE.COM/click?s=3D96003&sz=3D69x1= +5&li=3D689d00e31c&e=3Dcmollekopf@gmail.com&p=3D1b9800e15a + +http://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fnowiknow.com%2F= +why-pisas-tower-leans%2F Share (http://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?= +u=3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fnowiknow.com%2Fwhy-pisas-tower-leans%2F) +http://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=3DWhy%20does%20the%20Leaning%20Tower%= +20of%20Pisa%20lean%3F%20: http%3A%2F%2Fnowiknow.com%2Fwhy-pisas-tower-lean= +s%2F Tweet (http://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=3DWhy%20does%20the%20Lean= +ing%20Tower%20of%20Pisa%20lean%3F%20: http%3A%2F%2Fnowiknow.com%2Fwhy-pisa= +s-tower-leans%2F) +http://us1.forward-to-friend.com/forward?u=3D2889002ad89d45ca21f50ba46&id= +=3D1b9800e15a&e=3Dcd30a9a755 Forward (http://us1.forward-to-friend.com/forwa= +rd?u=3D2889002ad89d45ca21f50ba46&id=3D1b9800e15a&e=3Dcd30a9a755) + +=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D= +=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D= +=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D + +** Learn more about RevenueStripe... 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(Well=2C no.) +=09=09 +
+ + +
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+ <= +td style=3D"mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webk= +it-text-size-adjust: 100%;">
+
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+ + + 3D"" + + +
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+ =09 +=09=09=09 +=09=09=09=09 + + + + + +
+ +
Just likes yesterday: I'm on vacation= + this week=2C so today's Now I Know is a re-run=2C originally from 20= +10. (The Weekender is still TBD.) -- Dan + +

Why Pisa=E2=80=99s Tower Leans

+
+ +
+=09=09=09=09 + +=09=09=09=09 +
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+ + + 3D"" + + +
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+ =09 +=09=09=09 +=09=09=09=09 + + + + + +
+ +

The Leaning Tower of Pisa is over 800 years old.&nb= +sp; Construction started on it in 1173 and=2C almost two centuries later (= +and after two work stoppages)=2C completed in the 1370s.   For h= +istory=E2=80=99s sake=2C it is a good thing that there were two work stopp= +ages =E2=80=94 otherwise=2C the structure probably would have collapsed lo= +ng ago.  The Tower is built on=2C basically=2C a marsh =E2=80=94 a th= +in layer of alluvial silt atop soft marine clay. &= +nbsp; The work stoppages gave time for the existing incomplete infrastruct= +ure to settle in the soft soil=2C compacting the ground beneath it and=2C= + effectively=2C letting Mother Earth adapt before construction resumed.&nb= +sp; A minor miracle=2C in and of itself.

+ +

It th= +erefore makes sense that the Tower is unstable=2C likely to shift its posi= +tion any which way as time passes.  But the mystery runs deeper. = +; The Leaning Tower of Pisa only leans to the south.  Assuming the un= +stable ground beneath is uniformly so=2C that did not make a lot of sense.= +

+ +

In 19= +89=2C the Tower was leaning roughly 15 feet off its center=2C when disaste= +r struck =E2=80=94 in Milan.  Another tower=2C the Civic To= +wer of Pavia=2C crumbled=2C killing four passersby.  Fearing a si= +milar fate for Pisa=2C the Italian government closed the tower and made a= + $40 million grant to researchers=2C hoping to stave off the Tower=E2=80= +=99s tilt into destruction.   The task was daunting=2C as researchers= + were split =E2=80=94 some believed the problem was with the underlying la= +nd; others believed the problem was with the structure itself.  Redou= +bling these problems were the art historians=2C who insisted on preserving= + the artistic value of the Tower; in short=2C propping the Tower up was a= + non-starter.

+ +

Findi= +ng a solution took four different tries and almost a decade.  In the= + end=2C the team used something called =E2=80=9Csoil extraction=E2=80=9D= + =E2=80=94 as described by the Telegraph (UK)=2C this= + meant =E2=80=9Cdrilling out slivers of soil from beneath the northern sid= +e of the tower =E2=80=93 away from the lean =E2=80=93 and allowing gravity= + to coax the structure back upright.=E2=80=9D  It was a nuanced task= + in and of itself.   Professor John Burland=2C a soil engineer at the= + Imperial College London=2C lead the efforts with the help of 120 sensors= + placed in=2C around=2C and outside the Tower=2C and an army of fax machin= +es.  For two years=2C twice a day=2C the sensor readings were faxed t= +o his attention; he=E2=80=99d run some calculations and inform the driller= +s how to continue.  The Tower re-opened in late 2001.

+ +

In ca= +pturing all these data points =E2=80=94 two a day for two years =E2=80=94= + Burland had in front of him the answer to the previously unanswerable que= +stion of the Tower=E2=80=99s southward tilt.  In 2003=2C he figured i= +t out.  The water table on the north side of the= + Tower rose up to a foot higher at times during Pisa=E2=80=99s rainy seaso= +n.  In effect=2C the water tower slowly=2C slightly=2C and temporaril= +y boosted the land on the north side=2C pushing the Tower to lean south. &= +nbsp; Using a custom drainage system to normalize the water table=2C Burla= +nd has stemmed the Tower=E2=80=99s further tilt entirely =E2=80=94 since t= +he solution was put in place seven [now 14!] years ago=2C the Tower=E2=80= +=99s tilt has remained the same.

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+Bonus fact: Groundw= +ater flows can prevent problems=2C too.  In 1958=2C the town of Conco= +rd=2C Massachusetts opened a landfill adjacent to Walden Pond=2C the= + eponymous site of Henry David Thoreau=E2=80=99s On Walden Pond.  Because the groundwater table ran from the pond to the landfill= + (and not vice versa)=2C the pond remained relatively unpolluted by the ne= +arby refuse.=E2=80=8B
+
+From the Archives:= + Patent Leath= +er Shoes: How Michael Jackson managed to pull off an incredible=2C gra= +vity-defying lean of his own.
+ 
+Related: A 3-d= +=2C Leaning Tower of Pisa puzzle.
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